The following synthesis report presents an overview of the important challenges faced by national authorities in EU Member States and Norway in their efforts to establish and verify the identity of third-country nationals within the context of various migration procedures and of national practices to address those challenges. Moreover, the study provides an insight into the use of information management systems at national and European level to support identification and verification processes. This study updates and supplements the 2013 EMN Study “Establishing Identity for International Protection: Challenges and Practices”.