This EMN Inform presents the main findings of the EMN Focussed Study “Establishing Identity for International Protection: Challenges and Practices” undertaken by EMN National Contact Points from 25 (Member) States. It provides, for the first time, an overview of important challenges facing national authorities in their efforts to establish, in the absence of credible documentation, the identity of applicants for international protection (i.e. asylum and subsidiary protection) and for the return of rejected applicants. It also draws together an overview of national practices in handling these challenges, while allowing for the identification of possible steps towards further (joint) actions.